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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.

Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.

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Chapter 14Manuscripts and Preprints

Created: October 10, 2007; Last Update: March 17, 2017.

A. Individual Manuscripts

B. Manuscript Collections

C. Preprints

Introduction and Examples

A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual Manuscripts

The general format for a reference to an individual manuscript, including punctuation:

Illustration of the general format for a reference to an individual
manuscript.

Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts

A manuscript refers to any type of work, either handwritten or typewritten, that is not published. Examples of manuscripts include author drafts of journal articles and books as well as finished works. Manuscripts often contain little information from which to construct a citation. A formal title may be absent and other information unclear. There is no place of publication, publisher, or date of publication in an unpublished manuscript. Other differences from the standard book are that the full names of authors are used, and an unpaginated manuscript is described in terms of leaves, not pages.

Include in a citation, when possible, the name of a library or other public archive where the item may be found, as well as any order or catalog number. See Notes in the next section. If a manuscript is not available in a public archive, most authorities recommend placing references to it within the running text, not as a formal end reference. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in the reference list.

…material gathered from an unpublished draft by Harold Jones (private collection; unreferenced, see "Notes") that …

The rules below apply when a manuscript is included in a reference list rather than in the text as described above. Note that the majority of examples for citations provided in this chapter are taken from the Modern Manuscripts Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are applicable to contemporary material.

Manuscripts may be cited as individual items and as collections. See Chapter 14B Manuscript Collections for information on citing collections.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Manuscripts.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts.

Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Manuscripts

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author for Individual Manuscripts (required)

General Rules for Author

Enter surname (family or last name) first for the author
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Follow the surname with a comma and a space
Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials; follow initials with periods
Separate author names from each other by a semicolon and a space
Give all authors, regardless of the number
End author information with a period

Specific Rules for Author

Box 1

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Box 2

Other surname rules.

Box 3

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Box 4

Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Box 5

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Box 6

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Box 7

Organizations as author.

Box 8

No author can be found.

Box 9

Options for author names.

Examples for Author

Author Affiliation for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation

Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
Use commas to separate parts of the address
Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
Follow the affiliation with a semicolon placed outside the closing parentheses, unless it is the affiliation of the last author or the only author of a manuscript, then use a period

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

Box 10

Abbreviations in affiliations.

Box 11

E-mail address included.

Box 12

Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

Box 13

Names for cities and countries not in English.

Examples for Author Affiliation

10. Manuscript with author affiliation included

Title for Individual Manuscripts (required)

General Rules for Title

Enter the title of the manuscript as it appears on the original document, in the original language
Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other form of punctuation such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or a type of medium follows it, then end with a space

Specific Rules for Title

Box 14

Titles not in English.

Box 15

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Box 16

No title can be found.

Examples for Title

Type of Medium for Individual Manuscripts (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium

Indicate the type of medium (microfilm, microfiche, etc.) following the title when a manuscript is in a microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as [microfilm].
Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

Box 17

Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Box 18

Titles not in English.

Examples for Type of Medium

24. Manuscript in a microform

Secondary Author for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Secondary Author

A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include compilers, translators, illustrators, and interviewers.
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Type of Medium
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author above
Follow the last translator's name with a comma and the word translator or translators; the last illustrator's name with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
End secondary author information with a period

Specific Rules for Secondary Author

Box 19

More than one type of secondary author.

Box 20

Secondary author performing more than one role.

Box 21

Non-English names for secondary authors.

Examples for Secondary Author

14. Manuscript with translators and other secondary authors

Date for Individual Manuscripts (required)

General Rules for Date

Begin with the year
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
Include the month after the year, if provided, such as 2004 Mar
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
Include the day after the month, if provided, such as 2004 Mar 3
End date information with a period

Specific Rules for Date

Box 22

Non-US forms for dates.

Box 23

Non-English names for months.

Box 24

Seasons instead of months.

Box 25

Multiple dates.

Box 26

No date can be found.

Box 26a

Options for date.

Examples for Date

Pagination for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Pagination

If a manuscript has no numbers on its pages, give the total number of sheets of paper on which the text appears
Follow the page total with a space and the word leaf or leaves
If the pages of a manuscript are numbered, give the total number of pages on which the text appears
Do not count pages for such items as introductory material, appendixes, and indexes unless they are included in the pagination of the text
Follow the page total with a space and the letter p
End pagination information with a period in both cases

Specific Rules for Pagination

Box 27

Roman numerals used as page numbers.

Box 28

More than one physical volume.

Examples for Pagination

Physical Description for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Physical Description

Give the total number of containers holding the manuscript and/or the total number of linear feet of shelf space the manuscript occupies
Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet. Examples: 3 boxes or 10 linear feet.
End with a period
Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the manuscript if it resides in a microform, such as 6 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.

Specific Rules for Physical Description

Language for describing physical characteristics

Box 29

Language for describing physical characteristics.

Examples for Physical Description

Availability for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Availability

Enter the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and followed with a comma and a space. For example: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Follow with the name of the city, a comma, and the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E); add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the manuscript
End library information with a period

Specific Rules for Availability

Box 30

Non-English names for libraries and archives.

Box 31

Locations outside of the US.

Examples for Availability

25. Manuscript with information on availability

Language for Individual Manuscripts (required)

General Rules for Language

Give the language of the manuscript if other than English
Capitalize the language name
Follow the language name with a period

Examples for Language

Notes for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Notes

Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself
Complete sentences are not required
Be brief

Specific Rules for Notes

Box 32

Information about any restrictions on use.

Box 33

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts

1. Manuscript standard citation with full name for authors

Wiprud, Theodore. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 305.

Cutter, William R. Manuscript in reference to small-pox epidemic at Woburn in 1815. 1815. 6 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 332.

Toepper, C.G. History of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, D.C. 1934. 105 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 442.

2. Manuscript authors with optional initials for first names

Wiprud T. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 305.

Toepper CG. History of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, D.C. 1934. 105 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 442.

3. Manuscript author name or secondary author name with designations of rank within a family

Heister, Lorenz. Of the four divisions of the trunk of the human body. Manby, Edward Jr., translator. [circa 1800]. 188 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 386.

4. Manuscript authors with prefixes or particles in their names

O'Conor, John. Traumatic haemarthrosis of knee joint. 1898. 10 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 326.

McIlwaine, Robert R. An inaugural thesis on mania a potu. 1839 Feb 20. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 432.

Le Ber, Y.J. Edouard. Phrenologie des gens du monde on l'art. 1833. 267 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 421. French.

5. Manuscript authors with compound last names

Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo. Berengario: de fractura cranei. Seaman, William M., translator. [circa 1940]. 149 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 1036.

6. Manuscript authors with only a surname

Galen. Ars medica [microfilm]. [circa 1250]. 14 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film C124. Latin.

D'Eggs. Relation d'une nevrose convulsive epidemique: observe a l'ecole normal des instituteurs primaires a Strasbourg [Relation of a convulsive nervous epidemic: observed at the normal school of the Strasbourg primate institute]. [date unknown]. 8 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 197. French.

Avicenna. Qawlanj [Treatise on colic]. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; A 55. Arabic.

7. Manuscript with organization as author

Bangor State Hospital. Eastern Maine Insane Hospital account ledger book. 1904 Dec 1-1908 Nov 30. 406 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 161.

Joel and Jotham Post (New York, NY). Directions for medicine chests [microfilm]. 1804. 16 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film 00577.

Kansas Legislative Council, Research Department. The basic sciences: their relationship to the control and regulation of the healing arts. 1937 Feb. 20 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 280.

8. Manuscript with more than one author

Jennings, Allan H.; King, W.V. An intensive study of insects as a possible etiologic factor in pellagra. [1913?]. 42 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 61.

9. Manuscript with no authors found

Arzneybuchlein von mancherley bewarthen und erfahrnen Arzneyen, fur allerley Zufalle und Krankheiten des menschlichen Leibs dienstlich. 1671. 202 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 980. German.

Review and analysis of Letort's medical services in modern armies: observations and recollections of the late war. [1970?]. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 285.

10. Manuscript with author affiliation included

Nemec, Jaroslav (History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). [Manuscript of essays by Jaroslav Nemec on the history of medicolegal relations]. [1991?]. 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 685.

Hood, Thomas B. (Howard University, Washington, DC). [Notes of lectures on the practice of medicine]. [circa 1880s]. 162 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 414.

McIlwaine, Robert R. (Cincinnati College, Cincinnati, OH). An inaugural thesis on mania a potu. 1839 Feb 20. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 432.

Hope, James (Aldersgate School of Medicine, London, GB). Lectures on the theories and practice of medicine. 1836-1837. 238 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 788.

11. Manuscript with constructed title

Reeves, James Edmund. [President's address delivered at the opening of the 13th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association]. 1885 Dec 8. 32 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 267.

Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 403.

12. Manuscript with title in a language other than English

Descomps, Pierre. Appendicites chroniques et epiploite. [1906?]. 1921 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 145. French.

Perez, Victor. Methode von vorherigen Acclimatisiren zur Verhinderung des gelben feber. [1880?]. 13 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 263. German.

13. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional translation

De la grippe et de son traitement par le sulfate de quinine: 2 e partie. Résumé d'une vaste enquête sur les résultats de ce traitement, au point de vue des rechûtes et des accidents tardifs (2,000 cas) [The grippe and its treatment with quinine sulfate: part 2. Review of the vast research on treatment results (2,000 cases)]. 1891. 11 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 313. French.

Charcot, J.M. L'hypnotisme en therapeutique: guerson d'une contracture hysterique [Therapeutic hypnotism: cure of hysterical contracture]. [1887?]. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 170. French.

Akbar, Mohammed. Qarabadin-i Qadiri [The Qadiri formulary] [microfilm]. 1886. 300 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; P 14.1. Persian.

Gonda, Naosuke. Koido myakuden [Pulse diagnosis of old medicine]. 1850. 16 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939. Japanese.

Avicenna. Qawlanj [Treatise on colic]. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; A 55. Arabic.

14. Manuscript with translators and other secondary authors

Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo. Berengario: De fractura cranei. Seaman, William M., translator. [circa 1940]. 149 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 1036.

Cochon du Puy, Jean. Manuel des operations de chirurgerie par monsieur De Puys premier medicine du Royal Hopital de la Marine de Rochefort [Surgical operations manual of Monsieur De Puy, chief of medicine of the Royal Hospital de la Marine de Rochefort]. Ferret, M., compiler. 1757. 178 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 409. French.

15. Manuscript with standard date

16. Manuscript date with month or month and day provided

Delavan, David Bryson. Memorial: Andrew Rose Robinson. 1929 Dec 7. 21 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 266.

Jenkins, J. Foster. Relations of the war to medical science: the annual address delivered before the Westchester Co. Medical Society. 1863 Jun 16. 40 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 260.

17. Manuscript with multiple dates

Semmola, Mariano. Curability of cirrhosis hepatica. Lessons of clinical therapeutics given at the Hospital of Santa Maria della Pace. 1880-1889. 12 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 338.

Thorne, Jennie H. Nurse's manuscript diary. 1916 Oct 16-1917 Oct 12. 1 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 1035.

18. Manuscript with date estimated

Mann, Lucile Quarry. Drug hunters: the Mulford biological explorations of the Amazon basin. [1977?]. 190 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 458.

Duncan, Louis C. Cholera at Fort Riley in 1855. [circa 1900]. 10 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 112.

Sacadura, Costa. Guia de parteiras por perguntas e respostas [Guide to questions and answers for midwives]. [circa 1700s]. 48 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 406. Portuguese.

Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 403.

19. Manuscript with no date found

Foltz, E.K. List of known cases of infection in line of duty in personnel of the U.S. Public Health Service, 1878-1936. [date unknown]. 6 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 329.

Vogler, Johann Philipp. [Medico-legal opinion on a case of simulated somnambulism in a woman]. [date unknown]. 5 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 314. German.

20. Manuscript with numbered pages

McKnight, George B. (College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY). An inaugural dissertation on cholera infantum. 1816 May 7. 26 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 443.

21. Manuscript in more than one volume

Wolfe, Edwin Phillip. Medical supplies and the supply service of the Medical Department, United States Army. [1920?]. 4 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 284.

22. Manuscript with no numbers on the pages of the book

Duncan, Louis C. Tablets for field hospitals at Gettysburg. [1914?]. 13 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 242.

23. Manuscript with physical description

24. Manuscript in a microform

Osler, William. The fixed period [microfilm]. 1905. 21 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 146.

25. Manuscript with information on availability

26. Manuscript with information about any restrictions on use

Taussig, Helen B. Helen B. Taussig: transcript of interview. Janeway, Charles A., interviewer. 1976 Sep 15. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; OH 74. No part of this manuscript may be quoted without the written permission of the Director of the Schlesinger Library and Helen Brooke Taussig, M.D.

27. Manuscript with supplemental note included

Descripcion y plan curativo de la epidemia que ha reinado en Queretaro desde fines de junio de este presente ano, hasta la fecha en que esto se escribia [Description and treatment plan for the epidemic that occurred in Queretaro from the end of June of this year, until the date of this writing]. 1825 Sep 27. 12 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 487. Spanish. Apparently written by a military doctor providing a concise history of the origins and progress of an epidemic of measles and scarlet fever that swept through the city of Queretaro, Mexico, during the summer and early fall of 1825.

Clarke, Charles Mansfield. Observations on those diseases of females which are attended by discharges. [circa 1814]. 168 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 363. Clarke's manuscript copy of chapters II-XVII of the first volume of his "Observations on those diseases of females which are attended by discharges," was first printed in London by Longman in 1814.

Chabert. Droguier a l'usage des eleves de l'Ecole Royalle Veterinaire. [circa 1780]. 368 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 387. French. Manuscript transcript from lectures or possibly Philibert Chabert's manuscript textbook of veterinary pharmacology. Chabert came to Paris where he taught at and, in 1780, took over the Royal Veterinary School.

Euchai eis asthenous kai diaphora iatrika eis astheneias. [date unknown]. 142 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 480. Greek. In two sections: the first is mainly Greek Orthodox Christian prayers for clergy members for the benefit of sick laypersons in their care; the second half contains recipes for medicines and directions for therapies, also written for clergy.

Newcomb, Clive. On an outbreak of relapsing fever in Turkey in 1918. 1919. 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 524. Original manuscript of the printed article found in the Indian Medical Gazette, June 1920.

Zhu JJ. Activity level-dependent synapse-specific AMPA receptor trafficking regulates transmission kinetics [Internet]. [2009]. 31 p. Figure 6, Expression level regulates synaptic insertion of GluR4 but not GluR1; [cited 2010 Oct 25]; p. 25. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734326/pdf/. Author manuscript, article published in J Neurosci. 2009 May 13;29(19):6320-35.

B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Manuscript Collections

The general format for a reference to a manuscript collection, including punctuation:

Illustration of the general format for a reference to a manuscript
collection.

Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections

A manuscript refers to any type of work, either handwritten or typewritten, that is not published. Titles for collections of manuscripts are unusual in that they are assigned by the library or other archive housing the collection. Although they are thus constructed titles, they are not placed in square brackets as are constructed titles for books. Other citation differences include:

Full names of authors are used.
There is no place of publication, publisher, or date of publication.
The range of dates of items in the collection is provided instead of a single date of publication.
The number of items in the collection is used in place of pagination.
The name of the library or archive housing the collection is a required part of the citation.

If a manuscript collection is not available in any public archive, most authorities recommend placing references to it within the running text, not as a formal end reference. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that the citation is not represented in the reference list. For example:

…material gathered from a collection of papers of Harold Jones (private collection; unreferenced, see "Notes") that …

The rules below apply when a manuscript collection is included in a reference list rather than within the text as described above. Note that most of the examples for citations provided in this chapter are taken from the Modern Manuscripts Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are applicable to contemporary material.

Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Manuscript Collections.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections.

Citation Rules with Examples for Manuscript Collections

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.

Author for Manuscript Collections (required)

General Rules for Author

Enter the author's surname (family or last name) first
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Follow the surname with a comma and a space
Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials; follow initials with periods
Separate author names from each other by a semicolon and a space
Give all authors, regardless of the number
End author information with a period

Specific Rules for Author

Box 34

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Box 35

Other surname rules.

Box 36

Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Box 37

Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Box 38

Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Box 39

Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).

Box 40

Organizations as author.

Box 41

Compiler instead of an author.

Box 42

No author can be found.

Box 43

Options for author names.

Examples for Author

Author Affiliation for Manuscript Collections (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation

Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
Use commas to separate parts of the address
Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless it is the affiliation of the last author, then use a period

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

Box 44

Abbreviations in affiliations.

Box 45

E-mail address included.

Box 46

Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

Box 47

Names for cities and countries not in English.

Examples for Author Affiliation

9. Manuscript collection with author/compiler affiliation

Title for Manuscript Collections (required)

General Rules for Title

Enter the title of the collection as assigned by the library, archive, or other holder of the collection
Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other form of punctuation such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is already present
End a title with a period

Specific Rules for Title

Box 48

Titles not in English.

Box 49

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.

Examples for Title

Type of Medium for Manuscript Collections (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium

Indicate the specific type of medium (microfilm, microfiche, etc.) of the items in the collection following the title
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as [microfiche].
Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description

Specific Rules for Type of Medium

More than one type of medium

Box 50

More than one type of medium.

Examples for Type of Medium

11. Manuscript collection in microform

Secondary Author for Manuscript Collections (optional)

General Rules for Secondary Author

A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include translators, compilers, illustrators, and interviewers.
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Type of Medium
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author above
Follow the last named translator with a comma and the word translator or translators; the last named illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
End secondary author information with a period

Specific Rules for Secondary Author

Box 51

More than one type of secondary author.

Box 52

Secondary author performing more than one role.

Box 53

Non-English names for secondary authors.

Examples for Secondary Author

5. Manuscript collection with author and compiler

Date for Manuscript Collections (required)

General Rules for Date

Give the date range of the items in the collection
Enter the earliest date of the items in the collection, a hyphen, and the latest date of the items. For example: 2000-2005.
Follow the last date with a period

Specific Rules for Date

Box 54

Months and days of the month included.

Box 55

Non-US forms for dates.

Box 56

Non-English names for months.

Box 57

Dates estimated.

Box 57a

Options for date.

Examples for Date

Extent (Pagination) for Manuscript Collections (optional)

General Rules for Pagination

Give the total number of the items in the collection
End with a semicolon and a space if Physical Description is provided; end with a period if there is no physical description

Specific Rules for Pagination

Box 58

Collection bound in volumes.

Box 59

Number of items unknown.

Examples for Pagination

Physical Description for Manuscript Collections (optional)

General Rules for Physical Description

Give the total number of containers holding the collection and/or the total number of linear feet of shelf space the collection occupies
Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet, such as 3 boxes or 10 linear feet
End with a period
Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the items in the collection if they reside in a microform, such as 26 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.

Specific Rules for Physical Description

Box 60

Language for describing physical characteristics.

Box 61

More than one type of medium.

Examples for Physical Description

Availability for Manuscript Collections (required)

General Rules for Availability

Enter the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and followed by a comma and a space. For example: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
Follow with the name of the city, a comma, and the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E); add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the collection
End library information with a period

Specific Rules for Availability

Box 63

Non-English names for libraries and archives.

Box 64

Locations outside of the US.

Examples for Availability

19. Manuscript collection with availability

Language for Manuscript Collections (required)

General Rules for Language

Give the language of the collection if not English
Capitalize the language name
Follow the language name with a period

Specific Rules for Language

Collections with items in more than one language

Box 62

Collections with items in more than one language.

Examples for Language

18. Manuscript collection with items not in English

Notes for Manuscript Collections (optional)

General Rules for Notes

Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself
Complete sentences are not required
Be brief

Specific Rules for Notes

Box 65

Collection accompanied by material in another medium.

Box 66

Collections with restrictions on use.

Box 67

Other types of material to include in notes.

Examples for Notes

Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections

1. Manuscript collection standard citation with full name for authors

Calderwood, Howard Black. Howard B. Calderwood World Health Organization development collection. 1945-1946. 95 items; 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 171.

Rosen, George. George Rosen public health oral history collection. 1960-1965. 5 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 203.

2. Manuscript collection with optional initials for author

Calderwood HB. Howard B. Calderwood World Health Organization development collection. 1945-1946. 95 items; 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 171.

3. Manuscript collection with multiple authors

Frank, Lawrence K.; Murphy, Lois Barclay; Senn, Milton J.E.; Sontag, Lester Warren; Thompson, Helen; Washburn, Alfred H. Material on the child development movement collection. 1926-1971. 69 boxes; 30 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 280.

Agnes, D. Hayes; Barnes, J.J.; Bliss, D.W.; Hamilton, Frank H.; Reyburn, Robert; Woodward, J.J. Official medical bulletins relating to the health of U.S. president James Garfield. 1881 Jul 6-Sep 19. 103 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 66.

4. Manuscript collection with compilers

Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. District of Columbia League for Nursing collection. 1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 297.

Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, compiler. Kentucky medical history: WPA research project records [microfilm]. 1801-1940. 32 reels: negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS Film 24.

5. Manuscript collection with author and compiler

Armstrong, Charles. Charles Armstrong collection. Leake, James Payton, compiler. 1920-1963. 114 items; 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 269.

6. Manuscript collection with organization as author

Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. Association of Military Surgeons Wellcome Prize essay collection. 1933. 15 essays; 0.21 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 543.

American College of Nurse-Midwives. American College of Nurse-Midwives archives. 1946-1976. 41 boxes; 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 330.

7. Manuscript collection with government organization as author

National Library of Medicine (US). Regional Medical Programs Service collection. 1948-1993. 13 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 501.

Public Health Service (US). U.S. Public Health Service Salk polio vaccine collection. 1951-1962. 5 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 251.

Army Medical Department (US). U.S. Army Medical Corps lecture collection. 1942-1945. 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 26.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (US). Documents on the origin and development of the Tuskegee syphilis study. 1921-1973. 5 boxes; 2.1 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 264.

8. Manuscript collection with no author or compiler

Collection concerning health resorts. 1881-1889. 13 items. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS5746.

History of Ophthalmology. 1988-1989. 2 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632.

Medical dissertations. 1827-1837. 6 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 381.

18th century German medical manuscript collection. 1708, 1762-1776. 1 box; 0.21 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 512. German.

9. Manuscript collection with author/compiler affiliation

Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler (The Capital City School of Nursing, Washington, DC). District of Columbia League for Nursing collection. 1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 297.

10. Manuscript collection title not in English

Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.

with optional translation included

Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical Research Council]. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.

11. Manuscript collection in microform

Billings, John Shaw. Papers [microfilm]. 1861-1918. 61 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS Film 25.

McFarland, Ross Armstrong. Ross A. McFarland collection in aerospace medicine and human factors engineering [microfiche]. 1849-1983. Approx. 15,600 microfiche: 4 x 6 in. Located at: Fordham Health Sciences Library, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH; Z6664.3.M37.

Alchemy collection [microfilm]. [circa 1700s]. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS98426. French, German, Italian.

12. Manuscript collection with standard date range

Billings, John S. John Shaw Billings Centennial collection. 1964-1965. 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 261.

13. Manuscript collection dates with month and day included

14. Manuscript collection with dates estimated

Loewi, Otto. Otto Loewi papers. [circa 1935-1956]. 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 409.

Alchemy collection [microfilm]. [circa 1700s]. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS98426. French, German, Italian.

American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of American cardiology. [1949-1974?]. 6 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398. Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.

15. Manuscript collection in multiple volumes

Zakrevskii, Arsenii Andreevich. Documents pertaining to the cholera epidemic. 1830-1831. 3 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 146. Russian.

History of Ophthalmology. 1988-1989. 2 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632.

16. Manuscript collection with extent estimated

Frost, Gideon. Manuscript physician bills and accounts. 1821-1834. Approx. 100 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 508.

17. Manuscript collection with physical description

Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496. Finding aid available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/anfinsen.html

18. Manuscript collection with items not in English

Meyerhof, Max. Max Meyerhof papers. 1908-1938. 30 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 131. German.

von Diringshofen, Heinz. Heinz von Diringshofen papers. 1912-1977. 14 boxes; 5.88 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 535. German, English, French, Spanish, Italian.

Freud, Sigmund. Miscellaneous papers in the Sigmund Freud collection. 1866-1983. 120 items; 2 boxes. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS84903. German, English, French.

Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical Research Council]. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.

19. Manuscript collection with availability

Alchemy collection [microfilm]. [circa 1700s]. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS98426. French, German, Italian.

Meyerhof, Max. Max Meyerhof papers. 1908-1938. 30 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 131. German.

20. Manuscript collection accompanied by material in another medium

21. Manuscript collection with restrictions on use

Henle, Werner; Henle, Gertrude. Growing up with virology: an annotated bibliography of Werner and Gertrude Henle. [1986?]. 4 items; 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 460. Written permission of Dr. Gertrude Henle is required to quote, cite, paraphrase, or publish any of the unpublished material during her lifetime.

Murphy, Lois Barclay. Drafts, reports, and correspondence of Lois B. Murphy. 1934-1992. 3.1 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 713. Materials stored offsite; 24 hour prior notice required for delivery.

22. Manuscript collection with other notes

Bailey, Zachariah. Papers of Zachariah Bailey. 1759-1819. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS6328. Plantation account book kept by the Bailey family of Sussex County, Va., including records for the hiring out and medical care of slaves, medical fees, and records of Zachariah Bailey, and Bailey family genealogical material.

History of Ophthalmology. 1988-1989. 2 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632. Proceedings of the History of Ophthalmology conferences held at the National Library of Medicine in March of 1988 and 1989.

Hinman, Edward J. Hinman medical informatics collection. 1969-1990. 6 boxes; 6.25 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 547. Finding aid available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/hinman547.html Board meeting notes, drafts of by-laws and constitutions, reports, correspondence, conference packets, and publications represent materials collected by Hinman during his executive involvement with the activities of six interrelated medical informatics societies.

C. Introduction and Examples

Preprints are complete and public drafts of scientific documents, not yet certified by peer review. These documents ensure that the findings of the research community are widely disseminated, priorities of discoveries are established and they invite feedback and discussion to help improve the work.

Originally, a preprint was a document that was issued before peer review. The document was reviewed by colleagues before or in lieu of submitting to a publisher. A preprint may never be published in print or online as a final article or report. Preprints, once the sole domain of the hard sciences, such as physics, are now found in the applied sciences, social sciences, business, and the arts and humanities. Since the majority or preprints originate and remain online, they are also called e-prints.

1. Preprints

Bar DZ, Atkatsh K, Tavarez U, Erdos MR, Gruenbaum Y, Collins FS. Biotinylation by antibody recognition- A novel method for proximity labeling. BioRxiv 069187 [Preprint]. 2016 [cited 2017 Jan 12]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/069187

Alvarez R. Near optimal neural network estimator for spectral x-ray photon counting data with pileup. arXiv:1702.01006v1 [Preprint]. 2017 [cited 2017 Feb 9]: [11 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01006

Kording KP, Mensh B. Ten simple rules for structuring papers. BioRxiv [Preprint]. 2016 bioRxiv 088278 [posted 2016 Nov 28; revised 2016 Dec 14; revised 2016 Dec 15; cited 2017 Feb 9]: [12 p.]. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/11/28/088278 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/088278

Rupprecht C. Ready for more-than-human? Urban residents’ willingness to coexist with animals and plants. Version: 1. SocArXiv [Preprint]. [posted 2016 Jul 13; revised 2016 Dec 07; cited 2017 Feb 15]: [22 p.]. Available from: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/hbcmz/.

Bookshelf ID: NBK7264

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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-. Chapter 14, Manuscripts and Preprints. 2007 Oct 10 [Updated 2017 Mar 17].
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